
Zoot Suit Riots
June 1943, Los Angeles. U.S. servicemen - sailors and Marines - charter taxicabs and cruise into Mexican-American neighborhoods. They drag kids out of
// Concept
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June 1943, Los Angeles. U.S. servicemen - sailors and Marines - charter taxicabs and cruise into Mexican-American neighborhoods. They drag kids out of theaters, bars, streetcars. They strip them of their zoot suits, beat them bloody, burn their clothes in piles on the street. The police watch. Then arrest the victims.
The zoot suit wasn’t just fashion. It was identity. Resistance. A refusal to disappear. The oversized suits violated wartime fabric rationing - “unpatriotic” to the establishment, but to the pachucos, it was freedom sewn into cloth.
This album tells the story of ten days that exposed the lie of wartime unity - a nation fighting fascism abroad while practicing it at home.
Structure:
- Context (Tracks 1-2): Sleepy Lagoon, pachuco culture, the tension before the storm
- The Riots (Tracks 3-6): June 3-7, the violence, the resistance, the worst night
- Aftermath (Tracks 7-9): The ban, Eleanor Roosevelt, the truth suppressed
- Legacy (Track 10): The Chicano Movement rises from the ashes
Themes:
- Racism disguised as patriotism
- Fashion as resistance and identity
- Who gets to be “American”
- The press as weapon
- Police complicity in violence
- Fighting back against impossible odds
- The seeds of civil rights movements
// Tracklist
Sleepy Lagoon
Sleepy Lagoon, summer forty-two Ho-say Dee-ahz bleeding out beneath the morning dew Twenty-two years old, already signed up for the war Found him by the reservoir, didn’t know what for
Cops came down like hammers on the eastside streets Six hundred brown kids rounded up in the summer heat Didn’t matter if you did it, didn’t matter what you knew If you’re Mexican in L.A., well the target’s painted on you
Sleepy Lagoon, that’s where it starts Sleepy Lagoon, tear the city apart Twenty-four defendants, largest trial the state has seen Sleepy Lagoon, and they’re barely nineteen
Henry Lay-vahs, nineteen, sitting in the dock Can’t sit with his lawyer, can’t even change his socks Judge won’t let ’em cut their hair, won’t let ’em clean their face Gotta look like gangsters for the jury to make the case
Guilty, guilty, guilty, the verdicts falling down Seventeen convicted in that California town Didn’t kill nobody but the papers screamed for blood Sleepy Lagoon ran red, but it wasn’t just the mud
Sleepy Lagoon, that’s where it starts Sleepy Lagoon, tear the city apart Twenty-four defendants, largest trial the state has seen Sleepy Lagoon, California dream
October forty-four they’ll overturn it all Lack of evidence, the whole thing’s gonna fall But right now it’s forty-three and the pressure’s building high Mexican kids in jail and the newspapers asking why They let them wear those suits…
Sleepy Lagoon! That’s where the fire starts! Sleepy Lagoon! Gonna tear this town apart!
Drapes and Calcos
Started up in Harlem where the dancers learn to fly Tapered at the ankles so you never catch your thigh Spread down to the west coast, hit the L.A. scene Biggest shoulders you ever saw, if you know what I mean
Super-sized and scandalous, fingertip coat High-waisted trousers, man, that’s all she wrote Pork pie hat tilted, watch chain swinging low This is how a pah-choo-koh lets the whole world know
Drapes and cal-kohs, that’s the style tonight Drapes and cal-kohs, got my Cah-loh tight They can keep their rations, keep their fabric rules Drapes and cal-kohs, we ain’t nobody’s fools
El Choo-koh, El Paso, that’s where the name was born Pah-choo-kohs on the corner, every single early morn Speaking Cah-loh in the streets, Spanish mixed with jive Private in the public, that’s how we survive
War Production Board says we’re using too much thread Limitation L-85, might as well be dead But there’s bootleg tailors working overtime downtown Sewing up resistance, never gonna hold us down
Drapes and cal-kohs, that’s the style tonight Drapes and cal-kohs, got my Cah-loh tight They can keep their rations, keep their fabric rules Drapes and cal-kohs, we ain’t nobody’s fools
Call it unpatriotic, call it what you will We call it identity, and we’re standing still Won’t assimilate, won’t disappear Put on my drapes and cal-kohs, I’m still standing here
When they see me coming in my three-piece drape They know I’m not bowing down, I’m not gonna scrape This cloth is my armor, this style is my song Drapes and cal-kohs, and we’re ten thousand strong
Drapes! And cal-kohs! That’s the style! Drapes! And cal-kohs! Walk that mile!
June ThirdE
June the third, nineteen forty-three Fifty sailors walking out the armory Armed with pipes and chains and bats and worse Heading for the eastside, riding in a hearse
They say they got attacked, they say they got a score But the kids they’re hunting haven’t done a goddamn thing before Twelve and thirteen years old, walking home from school June the third, the Navy’s playing cruel
The sun goes down on Angeles And something dark is rising up The uniforms are marching And they’re looking for some blood
June third, that’s when the fire starts June third, they’re coming for our hearts Fifty sailors with murder in their eyes June third, somebody’s gonna die tonight
They find a kid in zoot suit walking down the street Drag him to the ground and stomp him with their feet Strip him of his drapes and leave him bleeding on the stone June the third, and we are not alone
Word spreads fast through every bar-ee-oh block The Navy’s hunting pachucos round the clock But this ain’t a riot, this is something worse June the third, and it’s about to get perverse
June third, that’s when the fire starts June third, they’re coming for our hearts Fifty sailors with murder in their eyes June third, L.A.’s about to burn tonight
The cops are standing on the corner, watching it go down Not lifting a finger as the blood hits the ground They’ll arrest the victims, let the sailors walk away June the third, and there’s hell to pay
June third! The war came home tonight! June third! This ain’t no fair fight! June third! Remember this date! June third! Nineteen forty-three, the city full of hate!
Vengeance Squad
Twenty taxicabs lined up in a row Sailors climbing in with somewhere dark to go East Los Angeles, that’s the target zone Vengeance squad is rolling, and they’re not alone
The Oakland Tribune got the name just right Vengeance squad is hunting kids tonight Cruise into the bar-ee-oh, headlights cutting through Looking for the drapes, looking for the zoot
Vengeance squad, rolling through the night Vengeance squad, looking for a fight Charter twenty cabs and hunt ’em door to door Vengeance squad, what the hell’s this war for?
Pull up to the theater, drag ’em from their seats Strip ’em of their clothing right there in the streets Pile the zoot suits high and set the drapes on fire Vengeance squad is burning up desire
Beat ’em with a frenzy, sadistic and cold Twelve-year-old pachuco, watch his story fold Leave him on the pavement, bleeding in the night The cops are right there watching, saying “not our fight”
Vengeance squad, rolling through the night Vengeance squad, this ain’t nothing right Twenty cabs of sailors hunting kids for sport Vengeance squad, this is their report
Boyl Heights is burning, the diner’s torn apart They’re dragging kids from buses, tearing out their hearts The streetcar stops, they pull ’em off the train Vengeance squad is bringing all the pain
They say it’s retaliation, say they got attacked But when you hunt down children, there’s no taking that back This ain’t self-defense, this is something worse Twenty cabs of hatred, this is hell’s own hearse
Vengeance! Squad! Rolling through the night! Vengeance! Squad! Burning every light! Vengeance! Squad! Twenty cabs of hate! Vengeance! Squad! And the cops just wait!
Broadway
June the seventh, Broadway’s burning bright Five thousand white men prowling through the night Soldiers and sailors, civilians join the crowd Carey Mick-Will-yums watching, and he’s crying out loud
They storm the movie theaters, order up the lights Run up and down the aisles looking for a fight Drag the Mexicans screaming from their velvet seats Broadway’s running red tonight, hear the pavement beat
Mick-Will-yums writes it down, hand is shaking hard “Thousands turned out for a mass lynching,” puts it on the card This ain’t a riot, this is something else This is America showing what it truly felt
Broadway, June the seventh, forty-three Broadway, this is what they didn’t want to see Mass lynching in the City of Angels Broadway, and the devil’s in the details
Stop the streetcars, pull ’em from the train Filipinos, Blacks, and Mexicans, it’s all the same Beat ’em on the pavement with a sadistic hand Five thousand strong, this is the promised land?
White zoot-suiters walking by without a scratch Only brown skin gets the match This ain’t about the fabric, ain’t about the thread This is about the color, this is seeing red
Broadway, June the seventh, forty-three Broadway, this is what they didn’t want to see Mass lynching in the City of Angels Broadway, and the blood runs through the channels
Carey Mick-Will-yums will write a book one day “North from Mexico,” tells it every way But tonight he’s just a witness to the fall Five thousand voices and they don’t hear him call
Tomorrow the military will shut it down Declare downtown L.A. off-limits to the crown But tonight, tonight, the worst is here Broadway, June the seventh, engineered fear
Broadway! Mass lynching in the lights! Broadway! Five thousand wrongs don’t make it right! Broadway! Carey Mick-Will-yums saw it all! Broadway! Remember when America let us fall!
First Time
Toward the evening we start hiding in the alleys, low Twenty guys step out into the street, put on a show Decoys walking tall like nothing’s going down Waiting for the Navy to come hunting through the town
Here they come, the sailors, thinking they got easy prey Chasing down our decoys like they own the L.A. way But we’re waiting in the shadows, and we’re organized tonight First time anybody’s ready for this fight
First time we fight back, organized and strong First time we show ’em that they got it wrong They were surprised to see us coming from the dark First time we left our mark
Roo-dee Lay-vahs, teenager, he’s calling out the play Set the trap and spring it, this is judgment day We came out of everywhere, they didn’t see us coming First time the hunters felt their own blood running
You can beat us in the streets, you can drag us from the shows But we’re pah-choo-kohs, eh-say, and everybody knows Push us far enough and we will push right back First time, first time, launching our attack
First time we fight back, organized and strong First time we show ’em that they got it wrong They were surprised to see us coming from the dark First time we left our mark
They thought we’d just take it, thought we’d bow our heads Thought we’d let ’em strip us down and leave us for dead But there’s fire in the bar-ee-oh, there’s iron in our spine First time, first time, drawing the line
East L.A. is rising, Watts is standing tall First time we answered back the call History will remember when we turned and faced the storm First time the resistance took its form
First time! We fight back tonight! First time! Pah-choo-kohs in the light! First time! Organized and strong! First time! We’ve been waiting all along!
Badge of Hoodlumism
June the ninth, the City Council’s got a plan To solve the violence, gonna stick it to the man Not the sailors beating children bloody in the street No, the problem is the fabric, gotta regulate the pleat
Councilman Norris Nelson stands up to the crowd “The zoot suit is a badge,” and he says it loud “Badge of hoodlumism,” that’s the magic word Most ridiculous damn thing that anybody ever heard
Badge of hoodlumism, thirty days in jail Badge of hoodlumism, tell me how that’s gonna sail They beat us in the streets, they drag us from the cars But the crime is what we’re wearing, now ain’t that bizarre?
The Navy’s hunting children with their pipes and chains But the Council says the problem is the fabric stains Too much shoulder padding? That’s a public threat! Pegged pants and a pork pie? Better not forget!
Military shuts downtown, says it’s off the map But the politicians want to ban our drapes and cap Can’t stop the violence, can’t arrest the white But they sure as hell can legislate what we wear at night
Badge of hoodlumism, thirty days in jail Badge of hoodlumism, American fairy tale They burned our clothes on Broadway, left us bleeding bare But the crime is what we’re wearing, tell me how that’s fair?
So let me get this straight, I got it right You watched five thousand people riot every night Sailors dragging kids out theaters by the hair And your big solution is… to regulate what we wear?
Badge of hoodlumism! That’s what Nelson said! While Mexican kids are lying beaten, almost dead! The clothes are not the problem, Mr. Councilman The problem is you never gave a damn!
Badge of hoodlumism! Thirty days for style! Badge of hoodlumism! American denial! Badge of hoodlumism! Blame it on the thread! Badge of hoodlumism! Blame us instead!
San Simeon
Up in San Sim-ee-on there’s a castle on the hill William Randolph Hurst is counting up the till Every headline screaming “Mexican crime wave” Selling fear and papers from the cradle to the grave
LA Times, Examiner, Herald Express Printing up the prejudice, making up the mess “Menacing street thugs, gang members run wild” Every brown kid painted as the devil’s own child
San Sim-ee-on, where the headlines get made San Sim-ee-on, getting rich off the raid Some big shot up in his castle wants to sell more news San Sim-ee-on, and we’re the ones who lose
“Are you aware you’re in here just because Some big shot up in San Sim-ee-on wants applause?” That’s what they said at Sleepy Lagoon trial Hurst making millions, going extra mile
Juvenile delinquents, that’s the story that they sell Never mind the sailors raising up the hell The victim makes a better headline if he’s brown San Sim-ee-on is profiting while we’re going down
San Sim-ee-on, where the lies get their start San Sim-ee-on, tearing L.A. apart Print it if it bleeds, and make it brown if you can San Sim-ee-on, that’s the business plan
The press ain’t neutral, never was and never will They pick the villains, and they sharpen up the quill When the sailors came hunting through the eastside streets The papers cheered ’em on, called it clearing out the beats
Yellow journalism, that’s the Hurst empire way Turned a generation into targets every day And when the blood ran red on Broadway’s golden mile San Sim-ee-on was counting profits with a smile
San Sim-ee-on! Castle on the hill! San Sim-ee-on! Cashing in the kill! San Sim-ee-on! Headlines made of hate! San Sim-ee-on! This is the fourth estate!
The Question Goes Deeper
June the sixteenth, El-eh-nor Roosevelt speaks While the politicians hide behind their techniques “The question goes deeper,” that’s what she said “Deeper than just suits,” cut right to the thread
“It is a racial protest,” there it is plain The First Lady naming what they’re trying to contain “Race problems are growing in the United States And we must begin to face it,” that’s what’s at stake
The question goes deeper than the fabric and the style The question goes deeper, been building for a while The question goes deeper, it’s written in the blood The question goes deeper, and it’s rising like a flood
Two days later, LA Times hits back hard “Mrs. Roosevelt Blindly Stirs Discord,” that’s their card Senator Ten-ee calls her a Communist too For speaking simple truth that everybody knew
Name the racism, you’re the problem now Speak up for the beaten, take another bow They’ll call you un-American for stating what is real The question goes deeper, and they don’t want to feel
The question goes deeper than the fabric and the style The question goes deeper, been building for a while The question goes deeper, it’s written in the law The question goes deeper, and El-eh-nor saw
“We do not always face these problems as we should” El-eh-nor knew the nation wasn’t standing where it could Fighting fascism overseas, practicing at home The question goes deeper into American bone
They attacked her for the truth, called her every name But history remembers who was playing that game The First Lady stood up when the leaders turned away The question goes deeper, and it’s deeper every day
The question goes deeper… El-eh-nor knew The question goes deeper… the answer’s overdue The question goes deeper… than suits and drapes The question goes deeper… into American shapes
Too Much Fabric
October forty-four, the verdicts all reversed Sleepy Lagoon defendants finally freed from the worst Justice arrives at last, though late as always comes The law admitted what it did, now beat the victory drums
But something else was planted in those burning nights of June A consciousness awakened underneath the same old moon The kids who wore the drapes, who took the sailor’s swing They’d grow up to become the leaders of the thing
Too much fabric, that’s what they said Too much fabric, better off dead Too much fabric, unpatriotic thread Too much freedom is what they meant instead
Say-zar Shah-vez wore the drapes when he was just a kid Before the farmworker movement, before everything he did The pah-choo-kohs who reclaimed “Chee-kah-no” as their name Were the first to wear the zoot suit, the first to stake the claim
Loo-ees Val-dez put it on the Broadway stage in seventy-nine “Zoot Suit” the musical, drew the connecting line From the riots to the movement, from the ashes to the flame Too much fabric started something that would never be the same
Too much fabric, that’s what they feared Too much fabric, too much weird Too much fabric, couldn’t be controlled Too much freedom for a nation to hold
They called it unpatriotic to wear what made you proud They called it un-American to stand out from the crowd But identity’s resistance, and fashion is a voice Too much fabric was a statement, and we made our choice
From the bar-ee-ohs of L.A. to the fields of California From the walkouts to the boycotts, from the marches to the corner Every seed planted in blood eventually will grow Too much fabric, and we let the whole world know
Too much fabric! That’s our legacy! Too much fabric! That’s our history! Too much fabric! They couldn’t hold us down! Too much fabric! And we’re still around!
Too much fabric… too much freedom… too much pride Too much fabric… and we never stepped aside Too much fabric… from the riots to the rise Too much fabric… open up your eyes
Drapes and cal-kohs, pah-choo-kohs standing tall From June of forty-three, we answered every call Too much fabric… that’s the story that we tell Too much fabric… and we’re wearing it well!
// Sources & Research
View Sources
Zoot Suit Riots - Research & Source Documentation
Overview
The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of violent attacks June 3-8, 1943, in Los Angeles, where U.S. servicemen attacked Mexican American, Filipino American, and African American youth who wore zoot suits.
Timeline of Events
Pre-Riot: Sleepy Lagoon (1942)
| Date | Event | Source |
|---|---|---|
| August 2, 1942 | Jose Diaz (22, had enlisted in Army) found dying near Sleepy Lagoon reservoir | PBS |
| 1942 | 600 Mexican Americans rounded up by police | PBS |
| 1942 | Henry Leyvas and 24 others tried - largest mass murder trial in CA history | PBS |
| 1942 | 17 convicted, 12 for murder | PBS |
The Riots (June 1943)
| Date | Event | Source |
|---|---|---|
| May 30, 1943 | Sailors and zoot-suiters clash, one sailor beaten | Wikipedia |
| June 3, 1943 | ~50 sailors leave Navy Armory, attack kids as young as 12-13 | Wikipedia |
| June 4, 1943 | Sailors charter ~20 taxicabs to East LA, strip and burn zoot suits | Wikipedia |
| June 5-6, 1943 | Violence spreads to Boyle Heights, bars, theaters stormed | Wikipedia |
| June 7, 1943 | WORST NIGHT - 5,000+ attackers, Carey McWilliams witnesses “mass lynching” | McWilliams |
| June 8, 1943 | Military declares downtown LA off-limits | Wikipedia |
| June 9, 1943 | LA City Council bans zoot suits (30 days jail) | Wikipedia |
| June 16, 1943 | Eleanor Roosevelt calls it “a racial protest” | Wikipedia |
| June 18, 1943 | LA Times: “Mrs. Roosevelt Blindly Stirs Race Discord” | LA Times |
| October 1944 | All Sleepy Lagoon convictions reversed on appeal | PBS |
What Were Zoot Suits?
| Attribute | Detail | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Origin | Harlem dance halls, mid-1930s | Smithsonian |
| Features | Super-sized shoulders, fingertip coats, high-waisted baggy pants tapered at ankle | Smithsonian |
| Accessories | Pork pie hat, long watch chain, thick-soled shoes | Smithsonian |
| Wartime significance | Violated Limitation Order L-85 (fabric rationing) - seen as “unpatriotic” | NWWII Museum |
| Cultural meaning | Identity, resistance, refusal to assimilate | PBS |
Pachuco Culture
| Term | Meaning | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pachuco | Male members of counterculture from El Paso (“Chuco Town”) | Wikipedia |
| Calo | Argot mixing Spanish and English, allowed privacy in public | Wikipedia |
| Drapes | Pachuco slang for zoot suits | PBS |
| Calcos | Calo word for shoes | Wikipedia |
Key Figures
Victims / Defendants
| Name | Role | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Henry Leyvas | 19-year-old, convicted of murder, later exonerated | PBS |
| Rudy Leyvas | Teenager who organized resistance | PBS |
| Jose Diaz | 22-year-old found dead at Sleepy Lagoon | PBS |
| Lupe Leyvas | Henry’s sister, co-founded Defense Committee | PBS |
Officials
| Name | Role | Quote/Action | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mayor Fletcher Bowron | Denied racism | “racial prejudice was not a factor” | Wikipedia |
| Senator Jack Tenney | State Un-American Activities | Called riots “Axis-sponsored” | Wikipedia |
| Eleanor Roosevelt | First Lady | “The question goes deeper than just suits. It is a racial protest.” | Wikipedia |
Journalists
| Name | Role | Quote | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carey McWilliams | Eyewitness, activist | “Thousands of Angelenos turned out for a mass lynching” | McWilliams |
| Al Waxman | Editor, Eastside Journal | Pleaded with LAPD to intervene | Wikipedia |
Key Quotes
On the Violence
“Thousands of Angelenos turned out for a mass lynching.” — Carey McWilliams, June 7, 1943
“A mob of several thousand soldiers, sailors, and civilians proceeded to beat up every zoot suiter they could find… ran up and down the aisles dragging Mexicans out of their seats.” — Carey McWilliams
On Resistance
“We started hiding in alleys. Then we sent about 20 guys right out into the middle of the street as decoys… They were surprised. It was the first time anybody was organized to fight back.” — Rudy Leyvas
On the Racial Nature
“The question goes deeper than just [zoot] suits. It is a racial protest.” — Eleanor Roosevelt
“Notably, white zoot-suiters were not harassed. What are usually called the zoot-suit riots were, in fact, race riots.” — Historical analysis
On the Zoot Suit Ban
“The zoot suit has become a badge of hoodlumism.” — Councilman Norris Nelson
On the Press
“Are you aware you’re in here just because some bigshot up in San Simeon wants to sell more papers?” — Referenced in Sleepy Lagoon context
The Aftermath
| Event | Detail | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Zoot suit ban | June 9, 1943 - LA Council, 30 days jail | Wikipedia |
| Military response | Downtown LA off-limits to servicemen | Wikipedia |
| Mexican Embassy | Lodged formal protest with State Department | NWWII Museum |
| Spread | Riots spread to San Diego, Philadelphia, Detroit, Harlem | Wikipedia |
| Sleepy Lagoon | October 1944 - all convictions reversed | PBS |
Long-Term Impact
- “The single most important event that set up the Mexican American political activism known as the Chicano movement”
- Cesar Chavez wore zoot suits in his youth
- Luis Valdez’s “Zoot Suit” (1979) - first Chicano play on Broadway
- Laid groundwork for farmworker organizing, student activism
Sources
- Wikipedia - Zoot Suit Riots
- PBS American Experience - Zoot Suit
- National WWII Museum - The Zoot Suit Riots and Wartime Los Angeles
- Smithsonian Magazine - A Brief History of the Zoot Suit
- Zinn Education Project - June 3, 1943: The Zoot Suit Riots
- JSTOR Daily - The Zoot Suit Riots
- Britannica - Zoot-suit riots